• About
    • Mission
    • Inclusivity
      • Non-Exclusionary Accountability Model
    • Community Council
    • State-wide Organizations
      • ADAPT-WA
    • Challenging the Status Quo
  • Events
  • Blog
  • Resources
    • Interviews
    • Entheogens in the News
    • Global History of Entheogens
    • Social Justice & Timeline of Criminality
    • Scientific Research
    • Safe Practice Guidelines
    • Testimonials
  • Join Us
    • Contact
    • Newsletter
    • Volunteer
    • Share Your Story
    • Events & Education
      • Calendar of Events
    • I am Plant Medicine
    • Strong Women in Psychedelic Politics (SWIPP)
  • Donate

In alliance with Decriminalize Nature

Entheo Society of WashingtonEntheo Society of Washington
Join us in our right
to heal with entheogens.
  • About
    • Mission
    • Inclusivity
      • Non-Exclusionary Accountability Model
    • Community Council
    • State-wide Organizations
      • ADAPT-WA
    • Challenging the Status Quo
  • Events
  • Blog
  • Resources
    • Interviews
    • Entheogens in the News
    • Global History of Entheogens
    • Social Justice & Timeline of Criminality
    • Scientific Research
    • Safe Practice Guidelines
    • Testimonials
  • Join Us
    • Contact
    • Newsletter
    • Volunteer
    • Share Your Story
    • Events & Education
      • Calendar of Events
    • I am Plant Medicine
    • Strong Women in Psychedelic Politics (SWIPP)
  • Donate

Global History of Entheogens

“Humankind has not woven the web of life.
We are but one thread within it.
Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves.
All things are bound together.
All things connect.”

– Chief Seattle

For thousands of years, indigenous communities around the globe have used medicinal plants and fungi for healing, self-discovery and to connect with the divine. The ancient practices of these communities, known as Shamanism, focuses on the laws of nature and holds the point of view that everything on the Earth is sacred, that we are connected to all things, all organisms in nature, and that disease and dysfunction have their energetic origins in being out of alignment with energy and nature.

A key subset of these ancient natural medicines are entheogens, which have psychedelic properties that allow both the shaman and the patient to enter altered states of consciousness, in which they are able to perceive and interact with the spirit world. In these altered states, these plants or fungi are able to assist the patient in seeing and interacting with their core wounds, and in many cases to confront, overcome and heal those wounds.

Disparate cultures across the globe and living during different eras of history, were able to discover similar paths to healing with the plants and fungi that they found in their surrounding ecosystems. Here are some key entheogens that are used around the globe and are the main focus for the decriminalization efforts of the Entheo Society of Washington:

Ayahuasca

Photo attributed to flickr user: jairinflas

Ayahuasca, an entheogenic brew or tea made from the Banisteriopsis caapi vine and the Psychotria viridis leaf, is used in traditional ceremonies among the indigenous tribes of Amazonia. P. virdris contains Dimethyltryptamine, or DMT, a powerful psychedelic, and B. caapi contains monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), which work synergistically with DMT to produce a long-lasting psychedelic experience.1  While evidence of the use of ayahuasca dates to as early as 1000 AD, it was the 16th century when Christian missionaries from Spain first encountered indigenous western Amazonian basin peoples using the brew.2

Legal Status

Ayahuasca is currently legal in Brazil, Costa Rica, Italy, Peru, Romania. While it is currently illegal in the United States, it is legally allowed for import for religious rituals of church groups under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Additionally, as of 2019 and 2020, respectively, Ayahuasca has been decriminalized in both Oakland and Santa Cruz, CA.3

Sample Research

This study, published in Scientific Reports in March 2020, shows that 80% of participants classified with psychiatric disorders, showed clinical improvements of those disorders at 6 months after using ayahuasca.

Psilocybe Mushrooms

close up photo of mushrooms

Photo by Visually Us on Pexels.com

Psilocybe Mushrooms are from the polyphyletic group of fungi that contain psilocybin and psilocin. The use of these mind-altering mushrooms appears to date back thousands of years before organized human civilization. The earliest known evidence exists on rock-etched murals in Northern Australia, which archaeologists and geologists believe to date back to 10,000 BC.4 They are also depicted in Stone Age rock art in Africa and Europe as well as in Pre-Columbian sculptures throughout Central and South America.5

These mushrooms became famous in popular culture in 1957, when María Sabina, a Mazatec curandera, or shaman, agreed to show the mushroom ritual of her people to R. Gordon Wasson, an ethnomycologist and former VP of JP Morgan & Co. Wasson returned to the US and wrote an infamous article titled “Seeking the Magic Mushroom” for Life Magazine, documenting his own experiences during ritualistic ceremonies with the Mazatec, indigenous people of the Oaxaca, Mexico region.6 Timothy Leary, infamous for his work with psychotropic drugs such as LSD, read the Life article and was intrigued, and he began experimenting with them at Harvard University. From there, magic mushrooms became inextricably tied to the hippie movement and its search for a new form of spirituality. For years, mushrooms were mostly associated with the counterculture.7

Legal Status

The consumption of Psilocybe Mushrooms is legal in Brazil, the British Virgin Isles, Jamaica, Samoa and The Netherlands (when sold and consumed as “truffles”). While they are illegal in the United States, the use of these mushrooms has been decriminalized in the cities of Oakland and Santa Cruz, CA as well as Denver, CO. The nations of Spain, Austria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Italy, and Portugal have all decriminalized these mushrooms for personal, private use. In Mexico, they are legal if grown in the wild and the law is unenforced if used in native culture.8

Sample Research

This New York Times article from 2018 highlights how Johns Hopkins University’s Center for Psychedelic & Consciousness Research is integral in leading the way on the scientific research of psilocybe mushrooms.

Iboga

Photo attributed to Flickr user: Scamperdale

Iboga, which has been translated as  “to heal,” is the common name of a group of perennial shrubs that belong to the Apocynaceae family, which are typically found in the understory of tropical forests in the Congo Basin.9 In the Central West African rainforest, iboga has been used for millennia in traditional healing rituals and rites of passage. Its use originated with the pygmies, or forest people, who later shared their knowledge with the Bantu population of Gabon. This exchange led to the development of Bwiti around the late 19th century. While remaining central to Gabonese culture, more recently, Bwiti temples have spread to some of the surrounding regions such as Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, the Congo, and Zaire.10

In western society, ibogaine therapy has been used as an aid to psychotherapy and in the treatment of substance use disorders, especially for opiate use disorders. Some of the other iboga alkaloids have independently been shown to interrupt substance use disorders.11

Legal Status

Iboga is legal in New Zealand and is legal for possession in Uruguay. It is legal as a controlled, prescription-only medication in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Hungary, and South Africa. It is decriminalized in Portugal.12

Sample Research

This trial, slated to begin in August 2020, will examine the Efficacy and Safety of Ibogaine in the Treatment of Methadone Detoxification.

To read more about the latest scientific research on entheogenic plants, click here.

Footnotes

  1. https://thethirdwave.co/psychedelics/ayahuasca/
  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayahuasca
  3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_ayahuasca_by_country
  4. https://doubleblindmag.com/the-definitive-history-of-psilocybin-mushrooms/
  5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom
  6. https://science.howstuffworks.com/magic-mushroom6.htm
  7. https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/people/timothy-leary
  8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms
  9. State of Knowledge Study on Tabernanthe iboga Baillon: A report for the Central African Regional Program for the Environment.” Tonya Mahop Marcelin, Asaha Stella, Dr. NDAM Nouhou, Blackmore Paul. March, 2000.
  10. “The Bwiti Religion and the psychoactive plant Tabernanthe iboga (Equatorial Africa).” Samorini, Giorgio. Integration, vol. 4, pp. 4-10.
  11. “Pharmacology of Ibogaine and Ibogaine-Related Alkaloids.” The Alkaloids. Piotr Popik, Phil Skolnick. Vol. 52. San Diego, 1998.
  12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_ibogaine_by_country

Share this:

  • Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Facebook
  • Click to share on X (Opens in new window) X

Like this:

Like Loading...
Get updates from our newsletter (ADAPT WA and Entheo lists) Subscribe

© 2025 - Entheo Society of Washington

%d